It is actually remarkable how much we test patients. We test their
blood, their
brains, their
bones, and their
hearts. If a bodily fluid exists, we test the crap out of it. What do we do with all that information? We file it. Why? Because you never know.
When I was a medical student in the Renaissance, under my Chief Resident Leonardo, I began to learn the fine art of making a diagnosis. Here it is - the great secret of medicine. If you learn this then you too can become a doctor (by the way, you do have to send me $75,000 to cover your first malpractice insurance payment - a slight detail I may have overlooked):
"When you are on the prairie and you hear hoofs, don't look for zebras, look for horses."Actually I thought you had to look for Weapons of Mass Destruction. That is only in Texas, I guess.
In reality, what does this old medical adage mean? It basically means that common things happen commonly. If someone comes to you with a cough, don't think they have end stage lung cancer- look for a chest cold. In fact, it is pretty good advice. The problem is that in the Renaissance they also actually listened to the advice of intelligent people and as Shakespeare told them- "
The first thing we do, let's kill all the lawyers". (King Henry the Sixth, Part II). (Unfortunately, they did not kill them fast enough.)
If you diagnose every horse that comes around and a zebra walks into your office with a martini and a grin and you miss him- you are going down. Fast and hard. The lawyers will descend on you faster than a pack of 3 year olds around a plate of
Mrs. Fields cookies. Therefore, most doctors spend their time and the money in medicine looking for zebras. We look for them in the knee with
MRIs. We look for them in the chest with
CAT scans, and we even look for them up the butt with
colonoscopy (every two years for that matter).
It is not entirely the lawyers' fault. Mostly everything else in society is the fault of lawyers but this one gets shared by the doctors. In general we are a fearful, low risk lot. Medical schools, which I refer to as Internal Medicine School, teach us to be. In medical school you are taught a deadly expression. In all the English language I know no other field but medicine that uses this term. The term is "rule-out."
How is it used? It goes like this- if someone has belly pain (oops- I should say abdominal discomfort since I am a doctor- sorry) and you suspect the cause is mainly due to a particular reason, our medical school professors have taught us to list all the possible diagnoses it could be and sequentially "rule-them out." In other words, prove they are not the cause so we can cross them off our list. Rule out this, rule-out that. Young medical doctors have a lot of lists. Actually the young surgeons didn't. We had a single list. More of a multiple choice:
Question: Should you operate on this patient?
Possible answersa. Yes
b. Who wants to know?
c. What's it to ya?
d. Who do you think you are talking to?
e. Get out of my face
I trained in a
trauma center in the Bronx (that's New York for those of you who live South of New Jersey and have yet to return back to Earth after the last election).
Lists can be a problem, though. We had lists of causes of pimples written on clipboards and our friends who graduated college with us and went to work in business had lists of dates written in black books. Guess who the real smart ones were...
Back to ruling out.
Let's take a real life example. In the Emergency Room a man is rolled in by three paramedics who resemble championship Sumo wrestlers. They actually each weigh no more than Calista Flockhart when wet but with 1,861 various black and matte gray devices of high technology like 21 inch flashlights (you don't need to be Freud to figure this one out) and key rings that can open every room and cabinet in the NY Public Library hanging from their belt, it adds to their mystique and shear physical mass. Also, Einstein noted that e=mc2. The e stands for action. You would think that "a" would stand for action but as a surgeon I choose the first letter I came across and figured I could make it work. Also I don't have the time to rule out the other 25 letters to make the real diagnosis (actually it is 22 possible letters if you believe as I do that LMNO is one letter).

This man is properly braced on the stretcher with a
neck brace, 1,215 puncture holes from failed IV attempts and a single 27 gauge butterfly IV in his left eyeball (the only vein left). There is a machete through the center of his chest wall starting in the back and exiting out the front. Sort of an extra-cardiac stonehenge (see image to the left). The surgical team made their initial and final diagnosis - to quote the Chief Resident who was going on to the Mayo Clinic the next year after his training - "This guy is really messed up. Let's go to breakfast." The chap who was the Emergency Room resident had a few "other ideas." What was the real cause of death? He furiously wrote down the list of possibilities of diagnoses and/or the cause of the situation at hand:
- Lead toxicity
- Infection- he was able to note, by analyzing that the only 3 mm section of his body not covered by tattoos showed that he did not shower that morning with antibacterial soap
- The patient was actually an active and alive member of Congress needing no medical attention at all and only a visit from a lobbyist
- The cause of the situation was Karl Rove (eliminating any potential Supreme Court nominees so as not to repeat the Harriet Miers debacle)
- The patient was dead due to complete shredding of the heart, aorta and 5 other major organ systems like an attack from Sigourney Weaver's Alien movie.
He eventually got it right but of course he got sued because he missed a long-standing
gallbladder cancer that was eventually picked up on autopsy when the city medical examiner finally got to him 2 years and 7 months later (one month before the statute of limitation on malpractice suits). It was interesting that the surgeons were named in the suit as well even though the resident wrote a single note that was about as legible as a smudged paw print from an old Lassie episode.
Which brings us back to horses, zebras, and fears. The training of physicians stimulates the push to look for every diagnosis possible. This noble approach unfortunately is then exponentially exaggerated by the fear of lawsuits. Physicians are caught between the proverbial "rock and a hard place." If the doctor orders too many tests he is wasting the few valuable resources in medicine. If he orders one too few, that will be the test that the medical malpractice lawyer (read that as SHPOS) will seize on and sue him for missing.
Concerning wasting resources in medicine- forget that criticism- the resources in medicine are going into the pockets of insurance and pharmaceutical executives and shareholders. The private jet fuel bills from the CEO of Pfizer can pay for all of Medicare for the number of years equal to the half life of plutonium (~5700 years give or take a week or so). The second part about the lawyers is sad but true.
To quote the warden (played by Strother Martin) in Cool Hand Luke: "What we have here is a failure to communicate." That failure is because everyone and their mother think they are doctors or nurses and knows better. Sometimes they do but most of the time they do not. Left to our own devices, doctors and nurses will do their best to help you. Diagnosing disease and treating patients with terrible, complex problems is hard enough than to have a politician devil (with his hand in the pocket of an insurance company) on one shoulder and a lawyer devil on the other. At least Paul Muni in "An Angel on my Shoulder" did get the benefit of the angel.
Barring any miracle of insurance reform or tort reform our journey into the apocalypse of medical hell will be led by the four horsemen:
- War (the war between the haves and have nots in healthcare insurance),
- Famine (the removal of so many resources by the insurance companies and pharmaceuticals that we will be starving with what is left),
- Pestilence (Congress), and
- Death (disease- the real enemy here).
Maybe a knight in shining armor will appear on the horizon to take on this onslaught. For now, it is time for this cowboy to ride into the sunset...

Dr. K.
Glossary of numbers and terms:
- 75,000. The real cost of medical malpractice insurance in NY for an Orthopaedic Surgeon. For the record that equals 15,000 $5.00 co-pays from patient office visits. A typical Monday in my office.
- 1,861. The year the serfs were freed in Russia. Doctors' freedom from insurance companies lags behind obviously.
- 21. The legal drinking age in NY. Note that the legal voting age is 18. This leaves on 3 years of sober voters. Now we can understand why Congress is in the state it is in.
- 1,215. The year the Magna Carta was signed. The major significance of this is that I remember when I got this question right on an exam in 7th grade leading me to the conclusion that there was hope that I would get into medical school.
- SHPOS- due to editorial constraints I can't print this.
- The compensation, not including stock options, for a single year of salary for the current CEO of Pfizer is $17,188,437. That pays for a ton of flu shots for people who can't afford them.